One of the obstacles to the conceptual development of Resistive Economy is the primary different perceptions of the dimensions of Resistive Economy among different experts, including media practitioners. Because of the extended scope of dissemination and speed of diffusion of information in cyberspace, the research conducted by content analysis method encompassing disseminated content about Resistive Economy from News agencies and websites. The statistical population were all written texts related to the Resistive Economy published in 2015. The findings show that the studied media highlighted relevant institutions in light of supporting or not supporting Resistive Economy based on time and issues disseminated through media streams. The media issued little content about policy-making and providing operational strategies on Resistive Economy Discourse. Also, they merely focused on the concept of Resistive Economy and couldn't provide a solution to audiences based on current and everyday issues.

The theoretical framework of this article is taken from Teun A. Van Dijk; News as Discourse, where analysis Discourse is not seen as simply a method for News analysis but rather News texts are studied as a specific type of communicative and discursive act, in a wider social and ideological contexts. Van Dijk believes that while News texts use the conventional News style and language, they follow certain persuasive intentions by employing specific rhetorical devices. In social interactions also conventional and appropriate style is used along rhetorical devices to gain specific persuasive intentions. Journalists also have to comply with conventional News style and language to gain legitimacy and persuade their readers about their professional integrity and "News objectivity". But at the same time according to major dominant social and political perceptions journalists use certain rhetorical devices to gain specific persuasive intentions. Therefore some kind of balanced presentation and the usual News language is employed while persuasive intentions are also fulfilled by using implicit textual devices.This article argues that if social agreement in a given society or social situation is very high, the perception of journalist coincides that of all social actors involved in such interactions or News events. But if the situation, as it is the case, most of the time, involve certain conflicting interests and perceptions, journalist are forced to in code specific persuasive intentions that are of ideological origin, while maintaining their journalistic codes of language use and News reporting style.Article by studying a situation of political conflict (just before before it was raised to such antagonistic level of war situations), shows that while France Press used conventional News style, not demonizing Sadam at that time or portraying any kind of image of enemy, delegitimized him and discursively "overthought" him by repeatedly and intentionally avoiding to mention his official credential as the "president of Iraq".

Since the emergence of Covid-19, the globe has faced various challenges concerning health, financial, social, and even political problems. These issues have been noticed and reflected in News media, which holds the potential to sway public opinion in myriad ways. This interdisciplinary research aims to analyze the Covid-19 News coverage presented by Iranian News media throughout three distinct stages (March through November 2020). To achieve this goal, a corpus-based Discourse analysis approach, after Baker (2006), has been implemented. The data for this study consists of a corpus of Persian News compiled by crawling the websites of six main Iranian News media outlets, which are believed to represent the three main political factions in Iran: Fundamentalists, Reformists, and Moderates. The data was collected from the month of March to the month of November of 2020. The results of the study indicate that “war” and specifically, “Imposed War” or “holy defense” became the focal point of the Discourse of “war with Corona” in Iran. Words like "Sepah (corps), Basij, Jihad, front line, Health defenders, martyr, enemy, defeat, etc." featured prominently in this Discourse. Coronovirus was portrayed as a treacherous disease in the Discourse of "war with Corona" in Iran. The virus was represented as a tool of the enemy which could be utilized against Iran, and Iran was tasked with conquering the enemy conspiracy. In this Discourse, the term "Trump" was frequently employed as the adversary, particularly in the Fundamentalist media. This depiction of "war with corona" as a "holy defense" was emphasized more in the media aligned with the Fundamentalists during the earliest stages of the crisis. Introduction Since the outbreak of Covid-19, the globe has experienced a variety of challenges on multiple fronts including health, economic, social, and political matters. This crisis has been reported by the News media extensively, with varying interpretations and responses by governments all around the world. The Covid-19 pandemic has been the subject of widespread scrutiny and analysis across countless fields. People have actively sought the latest updates, following the News not every day, but almost every hour. Following the onset of lockdowns, it was the News media, especially, which provided the outlet for people to stay informed and perceive what was happening around them. Therefore, examining the News content from multiple perspectives is of great significance, especially given the potential impact the media can have on public opinion. This study examines the Covid-19 News coverage presented by online News media through the lens of corpus-based Discourse analysis. Materials and Methods The goal of this interdisciplinary study is to analyze the News coverage of the Covid-19 crisis in Iranian News media via a descriptive- analytical approach. By utilizing a corpus- based Discourse analysis approach, based on Baker's (2006) work, this study endeavors to discover variations in how different News media in Iran covered and reported the News of the Covid-19 crisis during the three phases ranging from March to November 2020. For the corpus analysis, Wordsmith 6.0 will be used, and both qualitative, and quantitative methods will be included. Data for this study consists of a corpus of Persian News collected by crawling the websites of six established News outlets in Iran, which are aligned with the three major political factions of the country which include Fundamentalists (Javan and Kayhan), Reformists (Shargh and Etemad), and Moderates (Jomhouri-e Eslami and Asr-e Iran). Thus, the main corpus was divided into three subcorporas based on the political factions. The selection of the News media outlets was based on convenience and purposive sampling. On the first step, Iran's popular online News outlets were categorized in terms of the specific political faction whose views they represented. In the second phase, the accessibility of the online archives of the selected Newsmedia outlets was verified, and ultimately the six outlets were chosen. The time frame of this study covers 9 months, namely March through November of 2020. Due to the existence of two distinct peaks of the epidemic in Iran during this interval, combined with the occurrence of important political and social events in Iran and worldwide such as the parliamentary election in Iran and the US presidential election, each subcorpus was additionally segmented into three-month time periods. In this study, the corpora are labeled as the first, second and third periods. The significance of the observed differences between the corpora was measured using the statistical software package, SPSS v21. Discussion and Results During the first stage of analysis on the primary corpora, it was observed that the frequency of the word "corona" (66135 tokens) far eclipsed the frequency of the term "covid" (2505). As a result, "corona" was selected as the primary focus of further analysis. In the second phase, each of the sub-corpora was analyzed based on the 100 most prevalent words in the respective corpora, concordance lists, and keywords. In this way, three overarching themes were established in the corpora: 1- "War with Corona" 2- "Crisis Management. The focal point of this article is the "war with Corona." This narrative includes News pertaining to the rapid proliferation of Covid-19 across the globe and in Iran. In this context, speculations about the possible sources of the disease and global initiatives aimed at handling the crisis also fall within the purview of this discussion. By conducting a thorough analysis of the frequent words and their concordances, it was evident that 41 terms fell into the "war with corona" category. These terms were subsequently investigated across the various corpora in order to discover patterns in their usage. The Discourse around "war with corona" includes a plethora of frequently utilized words and phrases, including "confrontation," "battle," and "headquarters." Other prevalent terms include "Basij," "Jihad," and "army." Some words have been utilized to define the coronavirus, most often in derogatory terms. Common words used for this purpose include "sinister," "horrible," "contemptible," and "damn." Additionally, some phrases describe the virus in terms of nationality, like "Chinese" or "American," or use qualitative adjectives, such as "smart," "agressive," and "ungodly." Conclusions The results indicate that "war" and in particular, the terms the "Imposed War" or "holy defense" constitute the central point in the Discourse of "War with Corona" in Iran. Terms related to the military, including "Sepah (corps)" "Basij" "Jihad" "frontline" "health defenders" "health Martyrs" "enemy" and "defeat" were abundant in this Discourse. The coronavirus was depicted as an inauspicious disease which, according to the Discourse, could be wielded by Iran's enemies, and Iran's citizens had to triumph over the enemy machinations. In the Discourse surrounding "war with Corona" the term "Trump" features prominently in the media aligned with the Fundamentalists. This depiction of fighting against the virus as a "holy defense" was accentuated more so by the Fundamentalists media during the initial period. Additionally, words such as "confrontation" "threat" "victims" and "dangerous" appeared more frequently in the articles published by the moderate media. According to the analysis performed on the reformist media corpus, words such as "victory" "confrontation" and "killed" appeared with higher frequency. The third period of the corpus intersected with the presidential elections in USA, and their effect was evident in the corpus by the commentary regarding the U.S.A. and the ineffective handling of the virus by the Trump administration. The Coronavirus mortality rate in the U.S.A. was also on the rise during this time.

Although linguists have been studying the "News" as a type of text for a long period of time, the researches have been mainly of the product-oriented types, which purely analyze the News texts and their linguistic characteristics. Linguists and media researchers have been mainly keen to determine sets of criteria known as "News Values" so far, and the result is various lists of media and linguistic News selection norms.The goal of this article is finding answer for the following questions: How News production process can be orchestrated in a linguistic model? What are the linguistic News values? and How these linguistic values correlate with other selection criteria? In addition to revisiting the theoretical notion of "News Values" and introducing the "Grice Maxims" as the linguistic criteria of News composition, this paper, as a descriptive analytical study based on field work, also represents the multi-level model of News composition and selection based on linguistically oriented findings. The mentioned model not only determines and explains different levels of News composition and selection process from the event to the News, but also puts the role of macro-structural elements of News Discourse production such as ideology, relations of power and composition in the center of attention.

Metaphor in Cognitive Semantics has a completely different meaning from its literal definition and it creates the underpinnings of human thought and cognition. This study demonstrates the necessity of investigating the metaphors used in News Discourses. It provides examples of metaphors used in international Discourses which lead to the creation of pre-designed mental spaces in people’s minds. The main focus of the research is investigation of the role of metaphor in News Discourses and the way metaphors create Discourse cohesion and ideological shelters. Another section of the study looks into practical strategies that are utilized in production of News content. Metaphorical thinking is unavoidable, especially in complicated and abstract topics like foreign policy. Therefore, it can be concluded that paying attention to metaphors contributes to unveiling the reality.

This study investigates the way a political issue as well as its main participants and their actions are represented in Newspaper headlines. Employing a number of analytical tools from Van Dijk (1998) and Halliday’s transitivity model, the study examines the headlines of News stories on Iran’s nuclear program published by a number of British Newspapers to identify the specific ideology propagated by the Newspapers. The findings of the study indicate that the British Newspapers’ coverage of Iran’s nuclear program tends to present a negative image of Iran and its nuclear program in the context of “Us” and “Them”. The findings provide evidence to support the claim that News media do not simply reflect the social reality but articulate dominant ideologies in representing political events. The study contributes to the understanding of the ideological role of language within News Discourse in constructing representations of a society.

Media in general and News in particular constitute indispensable parts of modern life. TV News which contains visual elements in addition to the verbal aspects was used as the corpus of this study. In fact, this research culled out the ideologies of Iranian national television in presenting different issues. To be more precise, three internationally-significant pieces of News reports were chosen: one positive to “Us”, one hostile to “Others”, and one neutral. Then, these News reports were analyzed in detail and their lexical items, grammatical structures, and rhetorical figures were compared to find out about the differences. The results of the study showed that these three reports were presented to the audience via totally different strategies and ideologically-laden words were used to convey positive and negative meanings. In addition, the visual elements (angles, gaze, and distance) corroborated the findings of the verbal sections. The findings of this study show that lexical and grammatical choices are made purposefully in the media. So, it can be said that the results of this research contribute to the fields of linguistics, semiotics, and media.

Foreign policy and international affairs have always been at the center of attention of global media, and CNN, as one of the most influential international News networks, has played a prominent role in representing political events. The central question of this study is how CNN, in its News Discourse, has represented the United States’ foreign policy toward Iran and the nuclear agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) during the presidency of Barack Obama. The purpose of the research is to analyze the linguistic and discursive construction of CNN’s News coverage and to examine the extent of its alignment with the official narrative of the U.S. government. The research data consist of a set of CNN reports and News items on the JCPOA, analyzed through Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework. The findings reveal that CNN, by foregrounding concepts such as “diplomatic opportunity” and “nuclear threat” and by portraying Obama as a peace-seeking leader, contributed to the reproduction of U.S. foreign policy. Alongside this supportive stance, some reports also highlighted the difficulties of trusting Iran and the challenges of implementing the agreement, thereby reflecting a more critical and cautious Discourse. The conclusion is that CNN functioned not as a neutral mirror of reality but as an active media agent in legitimizing and shaping the representation of U.S. foreign policy toward Iran.

This study examined how metaphors in the News media of the United States and Iran screened reality about nuclear negotiations. Two corpora, each one comprising nearly 100,000 words, were compiled. Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) and Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) were performed. News media Discourse in the US suggested nuclear negotiation was a court in which the US was in the position of prosecutor and Iran as criminal. News media Discourse in Iran portrayed nuclear negation as an imposed war in which Iran was in position of defending and the US as invading. It was argued that even though they ultimately agreed to a landmark deal, cross-cultural News media Discourse readily delegitimized this internationally significant negotiation. Thus, the study suggested that one of the prominent functions of metaphors in News media Discourse is to be aggressive and terrorizing rather than tolerating and peace-seeking and as such, media literacy is called for.

Noam Chomsky has discussed the bias of American media in covering events according to political economy interests and pro-Israeli position, for instance. Looking for the connections between public opinion and the media, focusing on the position of the American government during the first Gulf War, as Mueller, Seaver and Page stated, shows that the United States government has been trying to influence the media in critical situations like wartime. In this study, we are attempting to evaluate Embedded Journalism as a new method of coverage in the Iraq 2003 War. There are plenty of studies in the field of embedded journalism; however, this study is going to measure the objectivity of the FoxNews’ coverage, according to Mindich theory (2000). The study is concentrating on Americans invasion to Iraq in 2003 (from March 20 to April 9, 2003), that have been coined by journalists as “The Fall of Baghdad”. In this study 217 articles of clip descriptions and leads of live reports of embedded journalists have been analyzed.